9th Class Biology Chapter 4 Short Questions with Answers Solved

Question: 1

What are characteristics of light microscope?

Answer: 1

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It can magnify objects only about 1500 times. Its magnification is 1500 X. Resolving power of light microscope is 0.2 micrometer , So light microscope cannot distinguish objects smaller than 0.2 micrometer.

Question: 2

What are the function of leucoplasts and chromoplasts?

Answer: 2

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Leucoplasts. They contain pigments associated with bright colors and are present in the cells of flower petals and fruits. Their function is to give colors to these parts and thus help in pollination and dispersal of fruit. Chromoplasts: Chloroplasts are the sites of photosynthesis in eukaryotes. They contain chlorophyll and associated pigments. These pigments are present in the thylakoids of grana.

Question: 3

What is chemical composition of cell wall?

Answer: 3

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Outer layer of cell wall is called primary wall consist of cellulose. Inner layer of wall consists of lignin and called is secondary cell wall.

Question: 4

What is chemical composition of cell membrane.

Answer: 4

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Chemically, cell membrane is normally composed of proteins and lipids with small quantities of carbohydrates.

Question: 5

What is source of illumination of electron microscope?

Answer: 5

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In electron microscope, object and lens is places in vacuum chamber. And a beam of electrons is passed though object which can be reflected or refracted through object.

Question: 6

What is function of cytoskeleton?

Answer: 6

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The function of cytoskeleton is to hold the cell shape or to change cell shape.

Question: 7

What is meant by hypertonic and hypotonic solutions?

Answer: 7

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Hypertonic solution:A Hypertonic solution has relatively more solute. Hypotonic solutions: A hypotonic solution has relatively less solute.

Question: 8

What was contribution of Lamarck in cell theory?

Answer: 8

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In 1809 , De Lamarck proposed that nobody can have life if its parts are not cellular tissue or not formed by cellular tissue.

Question: 9

What is composition of cytoplasm/

Answer: 9

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It is a semi viscous and semi transparent substance containing organic molecules & inorganic salts completely or partially dissolved in it. Its function to act site for various reaction.

Question: 10

What is function of mitochondria?

Answer: 10

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Mitochondria are sites of aerobic respiration and are also called powerhouse of the cell. They prepare energy for cell.

Question: 11

State the cell theory.

Answer: 11

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Cell theory, in its modern form, includes the following principles. i. All organisms are composed of one or more cells. ii. Cells are the smallest living things, the basic unit of organization of all organisms. iii. Cells arise only by divisions in previously existing cells.

Question: 12

Differentiate between primary growth and secondary growth.

Answer: 12

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Primary growth.The total increase in length of plant is called primary growth. It is occurred by apical meristems.

Question: 13

What is function of cytoplasm?

Answer: 13

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i.It provides space for the proper functioning of organelles. ii. It acts as a site for various biochemical reactions such as glycolysis which occur is cytoplasm.

Question: 14

Differentiate between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell.

Answer: 14

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Eukaryotic cell: The organism having eukaryotic cell is called as eukaryotes. Eukaryotic cells have prominent nucleus.

Question: 15

What is light microscope?

Answer: 15

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The microscope which uses visible light through specimen to produce image.

Question: 16

What are characteristics of cell wall?

Answer: 16

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i. Cell wall is non -living structure. ii. It is strong component. iii.Located outside plasma membrane iv. Provides shape, strength, support and protection to cell.

Question: 17

What is the importance of diffusion?

Answer: 17

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It is one principle method of movement of molecules across cell membrane. i. CO2 and O2 molecule can cross cell membrane by diffusion. ii. Gas exchange in gills and lungs operates by this process.

Question: 18

What are plastid? Name their kind.

Answer: 18

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Plastids are also membrane bounded organelle present in plants and photosynthetic protist. Types: There are three types of plastids. i. Chloroplast ii. Chromoplast iii. Leukoplast

Question: 19

Explain functions of lysosome.

Answer: 19

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A lysosome fuse with vacuole that contain targeted materials and its enzymes break down the material.

Question: 20

Differentiate between diffusion and filtration.

Answer: 20

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Diffusion. i. The movement of molecules from higher concentration to lower concentration across membrane is called diffusion . ii. Gas exchange in gills and lungs operates by diffusion.

Question: 21

Write down the function of xylem and phloem tissues.

Answer: 21

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Xylem Tissues: Xylem tissues are responsible for the conduction of water from roots to the aerial parts of plant. It also consists of secondary cell which is hard due to the presence of lignin so it is also function to support the plant body.

Question: 22

Differentiate between diffusion and osmosis.

Answer: 22

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Diffusion: It is the movement of molecules from an area of higher solute concentration to the ara of lower concentration i.e. along concentration gradient.

Question: 23

What is chromosome?

Answer: 23

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These are specialized structure composed of DNA and proteins which is visible only during cell divison.

Question: 24

Write the function of guard cell.

Answer: 24

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Stomata in leaf epidermis are surrounded by guard cells. During daytime guards cells are making glucose and so are hypertonic than their nearby epidermis shape and a pore is created between them. At night when there is low solute concentration in guard cells, water leaves them and they become flaccid. In this form both guard cells rest against one another and the opening is closed.

Question: 25

Write the function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

Answer: 25

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It is involved int he lipid metabolism . it is involved in transport of materials from one part of cell to other.

Question: 26

What is meant by resolving power of a microscope ?

Answer: 26

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Resolution or resolving power is the minimum distance at which two objects can be seen as separate objects.

Question: 27

Define Ribosomes, write their function and structure.

Answer: 27

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These are the tiny granular structures that are either floating freely in cytoplasm or are bound to endoplasmic reticulum.These ae the sites for protein synthesis. These are made of almost equal amount of protein and ribosomal RNA.

Question: 28

Define secondary wall ?

Answer: 28

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Some plants cell, such as xylem cells,also have secondary walls on the inner side of the primary wall. it is much thicker and contain lignin and others chemicals.

Question: 29

What is meant by resolution and Magnification?

Answer: 29

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Magnification:Magnification is the increase in the apparent size of an objects and it is an important factor in microscope.

Resolution:Resolution or resolving power is the minimum distance at which two object can be seen as separate object

Question: 30

What is composition of centriole?

Answer: 30

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Each centriole which is present only in Animal cells, are made of nine triplets of microtubules made up of tubulin protein.

Question: 31

What is difference between meristematic and permanent tissues?

Answer: 31

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Meristematic tissues. 1. Meristematic tissues have cells which have ability to divide. 2. It is of two types. i. Apical meristems ii. Lateral meristems 3. They help in growth

Question: 32

What is meant by Nucleoid?

Answer: 32

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These are broken pieces of chromosomes or DNA inside cell.

Question: 33

Why cell membrane is called semi permeable membrane?

Answer: 33

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Cell membrane functions as a semi permeable barrier, allowing a very few molecules across it while fencing the majority of chemicals inside cell. In this way cell membrane maintenance the internal composition of cell.

Question: 34

Where chromosomes found ?

Answer: 34

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Chromosomes are found in nucleoplasm. chromosome are composed of doexy ribonucleic acid (DNA) and proteins.

Question: 35

What is plasmolysis?

Answer: 35

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In a hypertonic environment of plant cell loses water and cytoplasm shrinks. The shrinking of cytoplasm is called plasmolysis.

Question: 36

Define Osmosis.

Answer: 36

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It is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from solution of lesser solute concentration to a solution of higher solute concentration filtration.

Question: 37

Describe two function of cell membrane ?

Answer: 37

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Cell membrane helps in the maintenance of cells internal composition.
Cell membrane also sense chemical massages and can identify other cells.

Question: 38

What is meant by passive diffusion.

Answer: 38

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This is type of diffusion in which molecules diffuse from membrane slowly without the expenditure of energy called passive diffusion.

Question: 39

Differentiate between primary and secondary cell walls.

Answer: 39

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Primary cell: The outer layer of plant cell wall is called primary cell wall and cellulose is major component in it.

Question: 40

Define Thylakoids ?

Answer: 40

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They are sacs like structure formed by the inner membrane of chloroplast present in plant its sack is known as granum

Question: 41

Differentiate between Endocytosis and Exocytosis.

Answer: 41

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Endocytosis: It is the process of cellular ingestion of bulky materials by the infolding of the cell membrane. This process lost the part of cell membrane there are two forms endocytosis. i. Phagocytosis ii. Pinocytosis

Question: 42

What is difference between cell membrane and plasma membrane.

Answer: 42

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Cell membrane: When we talk about all the membrane of a cell, we say them as cell membranes.

Question: 43

Define transmission electron Microscope?

Answer: 43

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Transmission electron Microscope electron are transmitted through the specimen. it is used to study the internal cell structure.

Question: 44

Write down the names of two type of simple tissues.

Answer: 44

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There are two types of simple tissues. i. Meristematic tissue i.. Permanent tissues.

Question: 45

Define turgor pressure and turgor.

Answer: 45

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In hypotonic solution the outward pressure on cell wall exerted by internal water in known as turgor pressure and the phenomenon is turgor.

Question: 46

Write the name of type electron microscope ?

Answer: 46

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Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
Scanning Electronic Microscope (SEM)

Question: 47

How cell work as an open system ?

Answer: 47

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Cell work as an open system it takes in substance needed for it metabolic activities through its cell membrane.

Question: 48

Structure and function of Golgi apparatus and lysosomes.

Answer: 48

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Golgi apparatus.An Italian physician camillo golgi discovered a set of flattened sacs in cell. In this set, many cisternac are stacked over each other. The complete set of cistermac is called Golgi apparatus of Golgi complex.

Question: 49

What is the role of nucleus in a cell ?

Answer: 49

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Nucleus contains hereditary material which not only controls all activities of a cell but also responsible for transmission of character to next generation.

Question: 50

What is centrosome?

Answer: 50

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In animal cell two centrioles are present to the exterior of nuclear envelope. Two Centrioles are collectively called centrosome.Their function is to help in the formation of spindle fibers during cell division.

Question: 51

Define Contribution of Matthias Schleiden?

Answer: 51

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Contribution of Matthias Schleiden:In 1838, a German botanist Matthias schleiden studied plant tissue and mad the first statement of cell theory.

Question: 52

What is meant by cell wall ?

Answer: 52

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Cell wall living organisms and strong component of cell located outside plasma membrane. Not all living organisms have cell wall around their cell.

Question: 53

Give two functions perform by cell membrane.

Answer: 53

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Cell membrane functions as a semi permeable barrier, allowing a very few molecules across it while fencing the majority of chemicals inside cell. IN this way, cell membrane maintain s the internal composition of cell

Question: 54

What is Reverse Osmosis?

Answer: 54

54-206

In advanced water treatment technologies, membrane based filtration systems are used in this process, semi permeable membranes separate salts from water.

Question: 55

Define Microscope andMagnification ?

Answer: 55

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Microscope:Microscope is the use of microscope,

Magnification: is the increases in the apparent size of an object and it is an important factor in the microscope

Question: 56

What is microscopy? And who discover the fist microscope?

Answer: 56

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The use of microscope is known as microscopy .The fist compound microscope was developed by Zacharias Janssen, in Holland in 1595. It was simply a tube with lenses at each end and its magnification ranges from 3X to 9X

Question: 57

What is difference between Cell Membrane and cell wall ?

Answer: 57

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Cell Membrane:Cell membrane is a thin and elastic membrane covering the cytoplasm

Cell Wall:Cell wall is a non living and strong component of cell which is present outside the cell

Question: 58

What is difference between cell membrane and plasma membrane ?

Answer: 58

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There are no difference between cell membrane and plasma membrane. Both are alternative name of each other

Question: 59

Describe the composition of cell wall of fungi and prokaryotes?

Answer: 59

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Cell Wall of fungi:Chitin is present in the cell wall of fungi

Prokaryotes:prokaryotes have a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan that is a complex of amino acid and sugar

Question: 60

Define Stroma ?

Answer: 60

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The stack of thylakoids is called granum grana float in the inner fluid of chloroplast

Question: 61

Define Contribution of Louis pasture ?

Answer: 61

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Contribution of Louis pasture:In 1862 Louis pasture provided the experimental proof of this idea

Question: 62

What is Endocytosis?

Answer: 62

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Endocytosis is the process of cellular ingestion of bulky material by the infolding of cell membrane.

Question: 63

Which is called Cytoplasm ?

Answer: 63

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Cytoplasm is the semi-viscous and semi-viscous and semi-transparent substances between plasma membrane and nuclear envelope.

Question: 64

Difference between microfilaments and microtubules?

Answer: 64

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Microtubules:

Microtubules are made up of tubulin protein.
Microtubules maintain the shape of cell

Microfilaments:

Microfilaments are made up of Actin protein
microfilaments are finer than microtubutes.

Question: 65

Write down the principal of cell theory ?

Answer: 65

65-206

All organisms are composed of one or more cells
cell is the smallest living things cell is the basic unit of organization of all organisms
Cell arise only by division in previously exciting cells

Question: 66

Define primary wall ?

Answer: 66

66-206

The outer layer of the plant cell wall is known as primary wall and cellulose is the most common chemical in it.

Question: 67

Define plasmodesmata?

Answer: 67

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There are pores in the cell wall of adjacent cells, through which their cytoplasm is connected. These pores are called plasmodesmata.

Question: 68

Describe one achievement of each Robert Hook and Robert Brown?

Answer: 68

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Robert Hooke was British Scientific in 1655 first time the describe cell and Robert Brown was a British was a botanist in 1831 he discoverd nucleus in the cell

Question: 69

Where Ribosomes ?

Answer: 69

69-206

Ribosomes are tiny granular structure that are either floating in cytoplasm or bound to endoplasmic reticulum. they play role in protein synthesis

Question: 70

What is nuclear envelope ?

Answer: 70

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Nuclear is surrounding by a double membrane that is called nuclear membrane.

Question: 71

Write the name of any four cell organelles?

Answer: 71

71-206

Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Lysosomes
Plastide

Question: 72

How active transports is different from passive transport ?

Answer: 72

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Passive transport is the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to the area of lower concentration energy is not use in this process where as active transport is the movement of molecules from an area of lower concentration and this movement require energy in the form of ATP.

Question: 73

Describe two function of Cytoplasm?

Answer: 73

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The Cytoplasm of the cell provide space for the proper functioning of the organelles.
It act as the site for various metabolic reaction, for example, Glycolysis

Question: 74

What are chromoplasts?

Answer: 74

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The second type of plastides in plant cells are bight colours and are present in the cells of flower petals and furits

Question: 75

Define Cristae ?

Answer: 75

75-206

Cristae are the folding of inner mitochondrial membrane
Cristae are the present in mitochondrial
Electron transport chain in Cristae

Question: 76

What do you mean by inter catary meristem ?

Answer: 76

76-206

inter catary meristem is in the form of small patches among the mature tissues. these are common in grasses and help in the regeneration of parts removed by herbivores etc.

Question: 77

What is meant by cell wall

Answer: 77

77-206

Cell wall is a non-living and a strong component of cell, located outside plasma membrane Not all living organisms have cell wall around their cells e.g animals and many animal like protists do not have cell wall Prokaryotes and plants like protists have cell wall is present in all plants

Question: 78

Define semi permeable membrane ?

Answer: 78

78-206

Plasma membrane is called semi permeable membrane as it allows only selective molecular to pass out of the cell and keep the most of the molecular inside the cell.

Question: 79

Write down name of two organelles found in eukaryotic cells ?

Answer: 79

79-206

Mitochondria
Ribosomes

Question: 80

Write the name of any two subcellular particles ?

Answer: 80

80-206

Prions and viroids are a cellular practical like viruses. they are also known as sub cellular particles.

Question: 81

Write the names of any four cell organelles

Answer: 81

81-206

Mitochondria, Ribosomes, Lysosomes, Plastids

Question: 82

What is Cytoskeleton?

Answer: 82

82-206

Cytoskeleton is a network of microfilaments and microtubules. Microtubules are made up of tubulin protein and are used by cell to hold their shapes.

Question: 83

What is endoplasmic Reticulum?

Answer: 83

83-206

Endoplasmic Reticulum is a network of introduce channels that extend from cell membrane to nuclear envelop.

Question: 84

What are Leucoplasts

Answer: 84

84-206

Leucoplast are colorless and store starch proteins and lipids They are present in the cell of those parts where food is stored

Question: 85

Write function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer: 85

85-206

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

It is involed in lipid metabolism and in the transport of materials from one parts of the cell to the other
It also detoxifies the harmful effect of chemical that have entered

Question: 86

What is the function of lysosomes in the cell

Answer: 86

86-206

Function: Lysosomes contain strong digestive enzymes and work for the breakdown digestion of food and waste materials within cell During its function a lysosome fuses with the vacuole that contains the targeted material and its enzymes break down the material

Question: 87

What are Leucoplasts?

Answer: 87

87-206

Leucoplasts are the colourless and store strach, proteins and lipids. they are present in the cell of those parts where food is stored

Question: 88

Define reverse osmosis

Answer: 88

88-206

In advanced water-treatment technologies membrane-based filtration systems are used In this process semi-permeable membrane separate salts from water called reverse osmosis

Question: 89

Define Cristernae?

Answer: 89

89-206

Cristernae are the flattened structure of Golgi apparatus
Cristernae are present in Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic.

Question: 90

Write a note on centrioles?

Answer: 90

90-206

Animals and many unicellular organisms have hollow and cylindrical organelles known as centrioles. Each centriole consists on nine triplets of microtubules.

Question: 91

Differentiate between simple tissues and compound tissues in plants

Answer: 91

91-206

Simple Tissues: Simple tissues are tissues present in plants and are composed of only one type of cells

Simple tissues are of further two types as following

Meristematic tissues

Permanent tissues

Question: 92

What is meant by pinocytosis?

Answer: 92

92-206

In pinocytosis cell takes in liquid in the form of droplets. pinocytosis is a type of endocytosis.

Question: 93

Define diffusion?

Answer: 93

93-206

Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to the area of lower concentration i.e along a concentration gradient.

Question: 94

In which fields did gogli win nobal prize in 1906?

Answer: 94

94-206

In 1906, Gogli was awarded Noble prize of physiology and Medicine.

Question: 95

Write function of Mitochondria ?

Answer: 95

95-206

Mitochondria are the sites of aerobic respiration and are the major energy production centres

Question: 96

Describe the composition of cell wall of Fungi and prokaryotes

Answer: 96

96-206

Cell wall of fungi: Chitin is present in the cell wall of fungi

Question: 97

Write down about leucoplast ?

Answer: 97

97-206

Leucoplast:Is a type of plastid chloroplast are green color

Function ofLeucoplast:These are colourless and store Starch Protein and lipid

Question: 98

Write name of any two subcellular particles

Answer: 98

98-206

Prions and viroid's are acellular particles like viruses They are also know as sub cellular particles w.r.t evolution

Question: 99

What is plastids ?

Answer: 99

99-206

Plastids:plastids are membrane-bound organelles that only occur in plant and photosynthetic Protists.

Question: 100

What are the functions of Leucoplasts and Chloroplast

Answer: 100

100-206

Leucoplasts is the of plastid chloroplast are green color

Functions of Leucoplast: These are colourless and store starch proteins and lipids

Question: 101

What is the function of Leucoplasts and Chormeplasts ?

Answer: 101

101-206

Function of Leucoplasts:These are colourless and store protein and lipids

Function ofChormeplasts:They are the sites of photosynthesis in eukaryotes

Question: 102

Define diffusion ?

Answer: 102

102-206

Diffusion is the random movement of solute molecules from their lower concentration.Energy is not required this process.

Question: 103

Describe function of Vacuoles in a cell?

Answer: 103

103-206

Vacuoles in plant cell provides turgidity.
Many cell take materials from outside in the form of food Vacuoles.

Question: 104

Write two functions of Centrosome

Answer: 104

104-206

Centrioles: Animals and many unicellular organisms have hollow and cylindrical organelles known as centrioles Each centriole consists on nine triplets of microtubules made up of tubulin protein

Question: 105

Define passive diffusion ?

Answer: 105

105-206

Movement of molecules from an area of its high concentration to an area of its low concentration is called passive diffusion.

Question: 106

What is lysosomes ?

Answer: 106

106-206

Lysosomes contain strong digestive enzymes and work for the breakdown of food and waste materials within cell.

Question: 107

Define Plasmolysis?

Answer: 107

107-206

Plasmolysis is the shrinkage of cytoplasm due to exosmosis of water is called Plasmolysis

Question: 108

Define Osmosis ?

Answer: 108

108-206

Osmosis is the movement of water across a semi permeable membrane from a solution of lesser solute concentration to a solution of higher solute concentration.

Question: 109

Define Plasmolysis

Answer: 109

109-206

Plasmolysis is the shrinkage of cytoplasm due to exostosis of water is called plasmolysis

Question: 110

Define Chromoplast and leucoplast ?

Answer: 110

110-206

Chromoplast: The second type of plastides in plant cell are chromoplasts. they contain pigments associated with the bright colours and are present in the cell of flower petals and fruits

leucoplast:leucoplast are the colourless and store strach protein and lipids.

Question: 111

Write difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes ?

Answer: 111

111-206

Prokaryotes:

They have no prominent nucleus.
Ribosomes are smaller than eukaryotic cell

Eukaryotes:

They have prominent nucleus in their cell.
Ribosomes are lager than prokoryotes.

Question: 112

Write names of types of Simple Tissues

Answer: 112

112-206

These are the plants tissue composed of single type of cells There re two types

Meristematic tissues

Permanent tissues

Question: 113

What is function of lysosomes ?

Answer: 113

113-206

Lysosomes contain strong digestive enzymes and work for the break down of food and waste materials within cell.

Question: 114

What is Exocytose ?

Answer: 114

114-206

It is the process through which bulky material is exported.

This process adds new membrane which replace the part of cell membrane los during endosytosis.

Question: 115

Differentiate between phagocytosis and pinocytosis?

Answer: 115

115-206

In phagocytosis cell takes in solid material while in the pinocytosis cell takes liquid in the form of droplets.

Question: 116

What is tissue?

Answer: 116

116-206

Group of cells of the same type ding a particular job the glandulartissue, muscular tissue.nervous tissue,etc.

Question: 117

What is meat by Hypertonic ?

Answer: 117

117-206

A solution having relatively more solute is called Hypertonic solution.

Question: 118

Define Microscopy

Answer: 118

118-206

Microscopy Microcopy is the use of microscope

Magnification: Magnification: Magnification is the increase in the apparent size of an object and it is an important factor is microscopy

Question: 119

Differentiate between Endocytosis and Exocytosis ?

Answer: 119

119-206

Endocytosis:Is the process of cellular ingestion of bulky material by the infolding of cell membrane.

Exocytosis:It is the process through which bulky material is exported from the cell.

Question: 120

What is difference between primary and secondary wall

Answer: 120

120-206

Primary Wall: The outer layer of the plant cell wall is known as primary wall and cellulose is the most common chemical in it

Question: 121

What is difference between Diffusion and osmosis ?

Answer: 121

121-206

Diffusion:Diffusion is the movement of molecules from the area of higher concentration towards the area of lower concentration.

Osmosis:osmosis is the movement of water across a semi permeable membrane from a solution of lesser solute concentration to a solution of higher solute concentration.

Question: 122

What down names of two organelles found in eukaryotic cells

Answer: 122

122-206

Mitochondria, Ribosomes

Question: 123

Define reverse osmosis?

Answer: 123

123-206

In this process, semipermeable membranes separate salt from water reverse osmosis

Question: 124

Write name of types of Simple Tissues ?

Answer: 124

124-206

Meristematic tissue
Permanent tissue

Question: 125

Describe function of thylakoids

Answer: 125

125-206

Thylakoids: They are sacs like structures formed by the inner membrane of chloroplast present in plant Its stack is known as granum which float in the inner fluid or chloroplast i.e. stroma

Question: 126

What is functionof epidermaltissue in plant.

Answer: 126

126-206

Epidermal tissue are composed of a single layer of cells and they cover plant body. They act as a barrier between environment and internal plants tissues.

Question: 127

How are smooth muscles ?

Answer: 127

127-206

Smooth muscles are found in the wall of alimentary canal, urinary bladder, blood vessels etc. they contain smooth muscle They are responsible for the movement of substance

Question: 128

Describe functions of vacuoles in a cell

Answer: 128

128-206

Function of Vacuoles in a cell: Vacuole in plant cell provides turgidity

Many cells take materials from outside in the form of food vacuole

Question: 129

Define Facilitated Diffusion ?

Answer: 129

129-206

Many molecules do not diffuse freely across cell membrane because of their size or change. such molecules are taken into or out of the cell with the help of transport-protein present in the cell membrane

Question: 130

What is meant by Mathias Schiele and Theodor Schwann

Answer: 130

130-206

Contribution of Matthias Schleiden: In 1838 a German botanist Matthias Schleiden studied plant tissues and made the first statement of the cell theory He stated that all plants are aggregates of individual cells which are fully independent

Question: 131

What is difference between primary cell and secondary cells

Answer: 131

131-206

Plants cell have A variety of chemicals in their cell walls the outer layer cell wall is known as cell wall

Question: 132

What is meant by Hypertonic and Hypotonic solutions

Answer: 132

132-206

Hypertonic A solution having relatively more solute is called Hypertonic solution

Question: 133

Define Sodium-potassium pump ?

Answer: 133

133-206

Sodium-potassium pump:In this process carrier protein of cell membrane use energy to move the molecules against the concentration gradient.

Question: 134

What are sclerenchyma tissues

Answer: 134

134-206

Sclerenchyma tissues are composed of cells with rigid secondary cell walls Their cell walls are hardened with lignin, which is the main chemical component of wood Mature sclerenchyma cells cannot elongate and most of them are dead

Question: 135

Why is plasma membrane called semi-permeable

Answer: 135

135-206

Plasma membrane is called semi-permeable membrane as it allows only selective molecules to pass out of the cell and keep the most of the molecules inside the cell In this way it helps to maintain the chemical structure of the cell

Question: 136

What is meant by resolving power of a microscope

Answer: 136

136-206

Resolution or resolving power is the minimum distance at which two objects can be seen as separate objects It is the measure of the clarity of an image

Question: 137

Define Reverse osmosis ?

Answer: 137

137-206

In advance water-treatment technologies membrane-based filtration system are used. In this process, semi-permeable membrane separate salts from water called reverse osmosis.

Question: 138

Write function of Mitochondria

Answer: 138

138-206

Mitochondria are the sites of aerobic respiration and are the major energy production centers

Question: 139

Write the names of electron microscopes which and used by biologists

Answer: 139

139-206

Biologists use two types of electron Microscopes as following

Transmission Electron Microscope TEM

Scanning Electron Microscope SEM

Question: 140

What is sclerenchyma tissue?

Answer: 140

140-206

Sclerenchyma tissue are composed of cell with rigid secondary cell walls. their cell walls are hundred with lignin, which is the main chemical component of wood

Question: 141

In which fields did Golgi win noble prize in 1906

Answer: 141

141-206

In 1906 Golgi was awarded Nobel prize for physiology and Medicine

Question: 142

Define plasmodesmata

Answer: 142

142-206

There are pores in the cell wall of adjacent cells, through which their cytoplasm is connected These pores are called plasmodesmata

Question: 143

What is the function of guard cells?

Answer: 143

143-206

Beam shaped cells which controls the opening and closing of stomata in a green plants leaves.

Question: 144

What is filteration ?

Answer: 144

144-206

Filtration is a process by which small molecule are forced to move across semi-permeable membrane with the aid of hydrostatic pressure or blood pressure.

Question: 145

Describe two functions of cell membrance

Answer: 145

145-206

Following are two functions of cell membrane

Cell membrane helps in the Maintenance of cells internal composition

Cell membrane also sense chemical massage's and can identify other cells

Question: 146

Name any two types of epithelial tissue?

Answer: 146

146-206

Cuboidal epithelium
Columnar epithelium

Question: 147

Define passive diffusion

Answer: 147

147-206

Movement of molecules from an area of its high concentration to an area of its low concentration is called diffusion As cell consumes no energy in diffusion of molecules across the membrane hence diffusion is also termed as passive diffusion

Question: 148

What are the contributions of Rudolf Virchow and Louis Pasteur in the formation of Cell Theory

Answer: 148

148-206

Contribution of Rudolf Virchow: In 1855 Rudolf Virchow a German physician proposed important extension of cell theory He proposed that all living cells arise from preexisting cells

Question: 149

What are thetype of connective tissue?

Answer: 149

149-206

Connective tissue serves a connecting function. It supports and other tissue. Unlike epithelial tissue, connective tissue has cell scattered throughout an extracellular matrix.

Question: 150

What is Exocytose?

Answer: 150

150-206

In the process through which bulky material is exported.

This process adds news membrane which replace the part of cell membrane lost during endocytosis.

Question: 151

Define Permanent tissues. Name its type?

Answer: 151

151-206

Permanent tissue originate from meristematic tissue the cell of these tissue do not have the ability to divided

Epidermal tissue
Ground tissues
Support tissues

Question: 152

Where chromosomes found

Answer: 152

152-206

Chromosome are found in nucleoplasm. Chromosomes are composed of deoxy ribonucleic acid DNA and proteins

Question: 153

Define Transmission Electron Microscope

Answer: 153

153-206

Transmission Electron Microscope: In transmission electron microscope electrons are transmitted through the specimen It is used to study the internal cell structure

Question: 154

Define filtration?

Answer: 154

154-206

Filtration is the process by which small molecules are forced to move accrosssemi permeable membrane with the aid of hydrostatic pressure or blood pressure.

Question: 155

What is nuclear envelope

Answer: 155

155-206

Nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane that is called nuclear envelope

Nuclear envelop contains many tiny pores which makes it a semi-permeable membrane

Nuclear envelope surrounds a granular fluid called Nucleoplasm

Question: 156

Define simple tissue ?

Answer: 156

156-206

Simple tissue are tissue present in plants and are the composed of only one type of cell
Simple tissue are of further two type as following

Meristematic tissue
Permanent tissue

Question: 157

Describe one achievement of each Robert Hook and Robert Brown

Answer: 157

157-206

Robert Hooke was British scientist in 1655 first time he describe cell and Robert Brown was a British botanist in 1831 he discovered nucleus in the cell

Question: 158

Which is called called Cytoplasm

Answer: 158

158-206

Cytoplasm is the semi-viscous and semi-transparent substance between plasma membrane cell membrane and nuclear envelope It contains water in which many organic molecules proteins carbohydrates lipids and inorganic salts are completely or partially dissolved

Question: 159

Define support tissue?

Answer: 159

159-206

Support tissue provide strength and flexibility to plants it is of two type

Collenchyma tissue
Sclerenchyma Tissue

Question: 160

What us the difference between the magnification and resolution of a microscope

Answer: 160

160-206

Magnification: Magnification is the increase in the apparent size of an object and it is an important factor in microscopy

Question: 161

Differentiate between phagocytosis and Pinocytosis

Answer: 161

161-206

In phagocytosis cell takes in solid material while in pinocytosis cell takes liquid in the form of droplets

Question: 162

What is golgiapparatus?

Answer: 162

162-206

An Italian physician CamilloGolgi discovered a set of flattened sacs in cell in this set many cisternae are stacked over each other. The complete set of cisternae called golgi apparatus or golgi complex.

Question: 163

What is difference between cell membrane and plasma membrane

Answer: 163

163-206

There is no difference between cell membrane and plasma membrane Both are alternative names of each other

Question: 164

How Robert Hooke introduced cell

Answer: 164

164-206

Cells ere first described by a British scientist Robert Hooke in 1665 He used his self made light microscope to examine a thin slice of cork Hooks observed a honey comb of tiny empty compartments He called the compartments in cork as Cellulate His this term has come to us a cell

Question: 165

Define xylem and phloem?

Answer: 165

165-206

Xylem tissue is responsible for the transport of water and dissolved substances from roots to the aerial parts

Question: 166

Why endoplasmic reticulum is called rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer: 166

166-206

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum is so named because of its rough appearance duet numerous ribosomes that are attached to it Due to the presence of ribosomes RER serves a function in protein synthesis

Question: 167

What is difference between Thylakoids and stroma

Answer: 167

167-206

Thylakoids: Like mitochondria Chloroplast is also bound by a double membrane

The outer membrane is smooth while the inner membrane gives rise to sacs called thylakoids.

Question: 168

Write about Cytoskeleton

Answer: 168

168-206

Cytoskeleton is a network of microfilaments and microtubules Microtubules are made up of tubulin protein and are used by cells to hold their shape They are also the major component of cilia and flagella

Microfilaments are thinner and are made up of actin protein They help cells to change their shapes

Question: 169

Write main points of cell theory

Answer: 169

169-206

Cell theory includes the following principles

All organisms are composed of one or more cells

Cell is the smallest living things cell is the basic nit of organization of all organisms

Cells arise only by divisions in previously existing cells

Question: 170

Differentiate between cristae and cisternae

Answer: 170

170-206

Cristae are the folding's of inner mitochondrial membrane

Cristae are present in mitochondria

Question: 171

What do you know about Fluid Mosaic Model

Answer: 171

171-206

According to Fluid music model, there is a lipid bilayer in which the protein molecules are embedded

The lipid bilayer gives fluidity and elasticity to membrane

Small amounts of carbohydrates are also present in cell membrane These are joined with proteins or lipids of membrane

In Eukaryotic Cells, cholesterol is also present in lipid bilayer

Question: 172

What is meant by collenchyma tissue

Answer: 172

172-206

Collenchyma Tissues are found in cortex beneath epidermis of young stems and in the midribs of leaves and in petals of flowers They are made of elongated cells with unevenly thickened primary cell walls They are flexible and function to support the organs in wich they are found

Question: 173

Define Ribosomes Also describe the importance of Ribosomes

Answer: 173

173-206

Ribosomes: Ribosomes are tiny granular structures that are either floating freely in cytoplasm or are bound to endoplasmic reticulum ER Each ribosome is made up of almost equal amounts of proteins and ribosomal RNA Ribosomes are not bound by membranes and are also found in prokaryotes Eukaryotic ribosomes are slightly larger than prokaryotic ones.

Question: 174

Describe two functions of Cytoplasm

Answer: 174

174-206

Following are two functions of cytoplasm

The cytoplasm of the cell provides space for the proper functioning of the organelles

It acts as the site for various metabolic reactions, for example, Glycolysis

Question: 175

How cells work as an open system

Answer: 175

175-206

A cell works as an open system i.e it takes in substances needed for its metabolic activities through its cell membrane Then it performs the metabolic processes membrane Then it performs the metabolic processes assigned to it Products and by-products are formed in metabolism Cell either utilizes the products or transports them to other cells The by-products are either stored or are excreted out of cell

Question: 176

What are chromoplasts

Answer: 176

176-206

The second type of plastids in plant cells are chromoplasts They contain pigments associated with bright colors and are present in the cells of flower petals and fruits

Question: 177

Write the functions of Golgi apparatus

Answer: 177

177-206

Golgi apparatus was discovered by Italian physician

Camillo Golgi: It is found in both plant and animal cells

Functions: It modifies molecules coming from rough ER and packs them into small membrane bound sacs called

Question: 178

What is the role of nucleus in a cell

Answer: 178

178-206

Nucleus contains hereditary material which not only controls all activities of a cell but also responsible for transmission of character to next generation

Question: 179

Write the function of smoothed endoplasmic reticulum

Answer: 179

179-206

Functions of smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: It is involved in lipid metabolism and in the transport of materials from one part of the cell to the other It also detoxifies the harmful effect of chemicals that have entered cell

Question: 180

What is Exocytose

Answer: 180

180-206

It is the process through which bulky materials is exported

This process adds new membrane which replaces the part of cell membrane los during endocytosis

Question: 181

What is difference between cell wall and cell membrane

Answer: 181

181-206

Cell Membrane: Cell membrane is a thin and ealstic membrane covering the cytoplasm

Cell membrane made up of lipids and proteins

Question: 182

What are plastids

Answer: 182

182-206

Plastids: Plastids are membrane-bound organelles that only occur in plants and photosynthetic Protists

Question: 183

Define sodium Potassium pump

Answer: 183

183-206

Sodium potassium pump: In this process, carrier proteins of cell membrane use energy to move the molecules against the concentration gradient

Question: 184

Describe the function of Lysosomes

Answer: 184

184-206

Lysosomes contain strong digestive enzymes and work for the breakdown digestion of food and waste materials within cell During its function a lysosome fuses with the vacuole that contains the targeted material and its enzymes break down the material

Question: 185

Define facilitated diffusion

Answer: 185

185-206

Many molecules do not diffuse freely across cell membranes because of their size or charge such molecules are taken into or out of th cells with the help of transport-protein present in cell membranes When a transport protein moves a substance from higher to lower concentration the process is called facilitated diffusion It is the type of passive transport

Question: 186

What is Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer: 186

186-206

Endoplasmic reticulum is a network of interconnected channels that extends from cell membrane to nuclear envelop The network exists in two forms

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum'

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question: 187

How active transport is different from passive transport

Answer: 187

187-206

Passive transport is the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to the area of lower concentration energy is not used in this process where as active transport is the movement of molecules from an area of lower concentration the the area of higher concentration and this movement require energy in the form of ATP

Question: 188

What is Lysosomes

Answer: 188

188-206

Lysosomes contain strong digestive enzymes and work for the breakdown digestion of food and waste materials within cell During its function a lysosome fuses with the vacuole that contains the targeted material and its enzymes break down the material

Question: 189

Where Ribosomes found

Answer: 189

189-206

Ribosomes are tiny granular structures that are either floating in cytoplasm or bound to endoplasmic reticulum They play role in protein synthesis

Question: 190

What do you mean by inter-catary meristem

Answer: 190

190-206

Inter-calary meristem is in the form of small patches among the mature tissues These are common in grasses and help in the regeneration of parts removed herbivores etc

Question: 191

What is difference between diffusion and osmosis

Answer: 191

191-206

Diffusion: Diffusion is the movement of molecules from the area of higher concentration towards the area of lower concentration

Question: 192

Define Turgor pressure

Answer: 192

192-206

When vacuole increases in size cytoplasm presses firmly against the interior of cell wall, which expands a little Due to strong cell wall, plant cell does not rupture but instead becomes rigid In this condition the outward pressure on cell wall exerted by internal water is known as turgor pressure and the phenomena on is know as turgor

Question: 193

Differentiate between Endocytosis and Exocytosis

Answer: 193

193-206

Endocytosis: It is the process of cellular ingestion of bulky materials by the infoldings of cell membrane

Question: 194

Write diffeence between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Answer: 194

194-206

Prokaryotes: They have no prominent nucleus

Ribosomes are smaller than eukaryotic cells,

Question: 195

What is Endocytosis

Answer: 195

195-206

Definition: Endocytosis is the process of cellular ingestion of bulky materials by the infoldings of cell membrane

Question: 196

What is meant by Osmosis

Answer: 196

196-206

Osmosis: Osmosis is the movement of water across a semi permeable membrane from a solution of lesser solute concertation to a solution higher solute concentration

Question: 197

Name any two types of epithelial tissue

Answer: 197

197-206

Introduction: Epithelial tissues are found in animals These tissue convers the outside of body and lines organs and caviti4es This tissue has many types on the basis of cells as well as the number of cell layers the name of two types are given below

Question: 198

Define Chromoplast and Leucoplast

Answer: 198

198-206

Chromoplast: The second type of plastids in plant cells are chromoplasts. They contain pigments associated with bright colurs and are present in the cells of flower petals and fruits

Question: 199

Define Support tissue and write name of types of support tissues

Answer: 199

199-206

Support tissues provide strength and flexibility to plants It is of two types

Question: 200

What is filteration

Answer: 200

200-206

Filtration is a process by which small molecules are forced to move across semi-permeable membrane with the aid of hydrostatic water pressure or blood pressure

Question: 201

Define Meristematic Tissue

Answer: 201

201-206

Meristematic Tissues: Meristematic Tissues are composed of cells, which have the ability to divided

Question: 202

Differentiated between Skeletal Muscles and Smooth Muscles

Answer: 202

202-206

Skeletal Muscles: Skeletal muscles or striated muscles are attached to bones Their cells are striated and contain many nuclei They are responsible for the movements of bones

Question: 203

Define Diffusion

Answer: 203

203-206

Diffusion is the random movement of solute molecules from their higher concertation towards th4eir lower concentration Energy is not required in this process

Question: 204

Define Permanent tissues

Answer: 204

204-206

Permanent tissues originate from meristematic tissue The cells of these tissues do not have the ability to divided There are the following types

Question: 205

What is meant by Pinocytosis

Answer: 205

205-206

In pinocytosis cell takes in liquid in the form of droplets pinocytosis is a type of endocytosis

Question: 206

What is the role of Xylem tissue in Plants

Answer: 206

206-206

Xylem Tissues; Xylem tissue is responsible for the transport of water and dissolved substances from roots to the aerial parts.

Two types of cell are found in xylem tissue vessels elements and tracheids

Biology Chapters

9th Class Chapter 4 Biology Short Questions

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