10th Class Chapter 2 Chemistry Long Questions

A coordinate bond is formed between lewis acid and base in this type of bond shared pair of electrons donated by only one atom to other.

Nitric acid (NHO3) and sulphuric acid (H2SO4) are used in manufacture of fertilizers.

According to bronsted lowry concept:

Acid: Proton donor species are known as bases.

Example: HCL + H2O_____ H3O+ CL-

Acid base_____ conjugate acid , conjugate base

O water accept proton from hydrochloric to form hydronium ion called bronsted lowry base.

It is negative logarithm of hydrogen ion Ph = log [H+] Ph of water is 7

H+ is an electron deficient it has empty orbital it completes its volence shell with electrons so it is an electrophiles .

Benzoic acid ( C6 H5 COOH )

Acetic acid ( CH3 COOH)

Insoluble salts are prepared by mixing solutions of soluble salts during this reaction exchange of redicals take place to produce new salts o insoluble salt is precipitataes out it is shown as:

AgNo3+ Nacl_______Ag Cl + Na NO3

Na2 Co3+CuSO4______ Cu CO3+Na2SO4

Salts are ionic compound found in crystalline form they have high melting and boiling points salts are neutral compounds.

A solution of Ph1 10 time higher concentration of H+ than that of a solution of Ph2.

A salt formed by total replacement of ionizable H+ ions of an acid by a positive metal ion is called normolar neutral salt for example:

Basic salts: Basic salts are formed by the incomplete neutralization of poly hydroxyl base by an acid for example: Pn( OH )2 +HNO3_______Pb (OH) NO3 + H2O

Pb(OH) NO3 has replacable hydroxe ion which is a indication of basic salt this hydroxide ion is neutral by an acid such as:

Pb(OH) NO3 + HNO3________Pb( NO3) + H2O

Pb(OH) NO3 has replacable hydroxe ion which is a indication of basic salt this hydroxide ion is neutral by an acid such as:

Pb(OH) NO3 + HNO3________Pb( NO3) + H2O

Calcium sulphate or gypsum ( Ca SO4 2H2O) is used to prepare plaster of paris.

Acidic salt is prepared by partial neutralization of an acid with a base:

KOH +H2SO4_____ KHSO4 +H2O

So, KHSO4 is acidic salt it has replaceable hydrogen ion.

Na2SO4 is formed by complete replacement of H+ ions from an acid while NaHSO4 is formed by partial replacement of H+ ions of an acid.Example:

2 NaOH +H2SO4______ Na2SO4 + H2O

Na OH + H2SO4_______ NaHSO4+H2O

So, NaHSO4 is a acidic salt it has replaceable hydrogen ion:

Na HSO4+NaOH_______Na SO4+H2O

Sodium hydroxide:

Sodium hydroxide is used for manufacturing of soap

Potassium hydroxide:

Potassium hydroxide is used in alkaline batteries.

Amphoteric: A substance that can behave as an acid as well as a base is called amphoteric water is an specie.

Arrhenius base: Base is substance which dissociates in equeous solution to give hydroxide ions for example:NaOH

Broonsted lowry base: Base is a substance that cn accept a protom (H+) from another substance for example: NH3

We all have a little concentration of hydrochloric acid in our stomach which help to break down the food.

It is used to determine acidic or basic nature of a solution it is ul parsed to prepare medicine culture at microbiological particular concentration of H+ ion.

Define indicator:

Indicators are the organic compounds they have different colours in acidic and alkaline solutions litmus is a common indicator.

Salt: salts are ionic compounds generally formed by the neutralization of an acid with a base.

Uses of salt: Sodium chloride is used as table salt and for cooking purposes sodium sulphate is used for the manufacture of glass paper and detergents.

Natural acids: Citric acid, lactic acid

Sources

Citrus fruits

Sour milk

Ph is negative logarithm of concentration of H+ ion i.e , Ph = -log [H+] while ‘’p’’ scale is the conversion of very small figures into positive figures by taking common logarithm of small figure and multiply it with 1.