10th Class Chapter 8 Biology Long Questions

Write a note on applications of fermentation.

APPLICATIONS OF FERMENTATION In fermentation, maximum growth of an organism is obtained for the production of desired products of commercial value. Traditionally, only food and beverage products were produced by using fermentation. Now many other products e.g. industrial chemicals are also being produced. This can be categorized into two groups: 1. Fermented Foods 2. Industrial Products 1. Fermented Foods: Fermentation often makes the food more nutritious, more digestible and tastier. It also tends to preserve the food, lowering the need for refrigeration. The following groups are included in the fermented foods. (0 Cereal Products: Bread is the commonest type of fermented cereal product. Wheat dough is fermented by S. cerevisiae along with some lactic acid bacteria. (ii) Dairy Products: Cheese and yogurt are important fermentation products. Cheese Formation: Cheese is formed when a milk protein is coagulated. This happens when the acid produced by lactic acid bacteria reacts with milk protein. Yogurt Formation: Yogurt is made from milk by different lactic acid bacteria. (iii) Fruit and Vegetable Products: Fermentation is usually used, along with salt and acid, to preserve: • Pickle • Fruits • Vegetables (iv) Beverage Products: Beer is produced from cereal grains which have been malted, dried and ground into find powder. Fermentation of the powder is done by yeast. This process breaks the glucose present in powder into pyruvic acid and then into ethanol. Grapes can be directly fermented by yeasts to wine.

What is genetic engineering? What are its objectives?

GENETIC ENGINEERING Introduction: Genetic engineering or recombinant DNA technology involves the artificial synthesis, modification, removal, addition and repair of the genetic material (DNA). Development: Genetic engineering developed in the mid-1970s when it became possible to cut DNA and to transfer particular pieces of DNA from one type of organism into another. As a result, the characteristics of the host organism could be changed. If host organism is a microorganism, such as a bacterium, the transferred DNA is multiplied many times as the microorganism multiplies. Consequently, it is possible to obtain millions of copies of a specific DNA inside a bacterial cell. OBJECTIVES OF GENETIC ENGINEERING The important objectives of genetic engineering are as follows: Gene Therapy: Isolation of a particular gene or part of a gene for various purposes such as gene therapy RNA and Proteins: Production of particular RNA and protein molecules Production Improvement: Improvement in the production of enzymes, drugs and commercially important organic chemicals Plant Varieties: Production of varieties of plants having particular desirable characteristics Treatment Purposes:

Describe the achievements of genetic engineering.

ACHIEVEMENTS OF GENETIC ENGINEERING Various achievements of genetic engineering are as follows. Preparation of Insulin: Human insulin gene was transferred into bacteria. The genetically modified bacteria became able to synthesize insulin. Diabetics are now receiving this insulin. The steps of genetic engineering for the production.of insulin are shown in the following figure: Preparation of Human Growth Hormone: In 1977 an E. coli bacterium was created that was capable of synthesizing the human growth hormone. Preparation of Thymosin: The hormone thymosin which may prove effective against brain and lung cancer has been produced by genetically modified microorganisms. Preparation of Beta-endorphin: Beta-endorphin, a pain killer produced by the brain, has also been produced by genetic engineering techniques. Preparation of Vaccines: Genetic engineers produced a safe vaccine against the foot and mouth disease (a viral disease in cattle, goats and deer). Similarly many vaccines have been produced against human diseases such as hepatitis B. Preparation of Interferons: Interferons are anti-viral proteins produced by cells infected with viruses. In 1980 interferon was produced in the genetically modified microorganisms, for the first time. Preparation of Urokinase: The enzyme urokinase, which is used to dissolve blood clots, has been produced by genetically modified microorganisms. Eliminating Inherited Diseases: It has become possible to modify the genes in the human egg cell. This can lead to the elimination of inherited diseases like haemophilia. Cure of Blood Diseases: Genetic engineering techniques can also be used to cure blood diseases like thalassemia and sickle-cell anaemia, which result from defects in single genes. Normal genes could be transferred into the bone marrow. Algae: Algae grown in ponds produce 20 tons (dry weight) of protein per acre/year. This yield of protein is 10-15 times higher than soybeans and 20-50 times higher than corn. High Vitamin Contents: When single-cell proteins are produced by using yeasts, the products also contain high vitamin content. Usage of Wastes: In the production of single- cell proteins, industrial wastes are used as raw materials for microorganisms. It helps in controlling pollution. Availability of all Amino Acids: The use of single-cell proteins has good prospects in future because they contain all essential amino acids. Seasonal Variations: The production of single-cell proteins is independent of seasonal variations. Limited Land Area: SCP is gaining popularity day by day because it requires limited land area for production.

Describe the process of genetic enginering.

What is fermenter?Describe types pf fermentation.What are the advantage of using fermenter?

<div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div>Differentiate between medicinal and addictive drugs?</div></div><div><br></div><div>Differentiate between medicinal and addictive drugs?</div>

Various diseases have been made easier to treat in recent year by the production of medicinal drugs are abstained from the following source.

Addictive drugs:

Some drugs often make person dependent on them or addicate these may be called as addictive drug by using such drugs the person body becomes familiar to it, and the user cannot function well without it in this chapter we will learn about the functions of pharma ceutical drugs and the damages of the addictive drugs .